{"product_id":"2940155237440","title":"Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, A Simple Guide To The Condition, Diagnosis, Treatment And Related Conditions","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis book describes Superior Vena Cava Syndrome, Diagnosis and Treatment and Related Diseases\u003cbr\u003eSVC syndrome is a constriction or obstruction of the superior vena cava (SVC), which is the second largest vein in the human body.\u003cbr\u003eThe superior vena cava transports blood from the upper half of the body to the heart.\u003cbr\u003eBlockage of the superior vena cava (SVC) can be due to external pressure, involvement of the vessel by tumor tissue, or a blood clot blocking the lumen.\u003cbr\u003eCauses\u003cbr\u003eSVC syndrome is an infrequent disorder.\u003cbr\u003eIt is most often produced by cancer or a tumor in the mediastinum\u003cbr\u003eToday, the most frequent cause is superior mediastinal pressure linked with lung cancer (\u0026gt; 85%).\u003cbr\u003eSVC syndrome can also be produced by non-cancerous disorders that produce scarring.\u003cbr\u003e1.Histoplasmosis (fungal infection)\u003cbr\u003e2.Inflammation of a vein (thrombophlebitis)\u003cbr\u003e3.Lung infections (such as TB)\u003cbr\u003eOther causes of SVC blockage are:\u003cbr\u003e1.Aortic aneurysm (a widening of the artery that leaves the heart)\u003cbr\u003e2.Blood clots in the SVC\u003cbr\u003e3.Constrictive pericarditis (tightening of the thin lining of the sac surrounding the heart)\u003cbr\u003e4.Effects of radiation therapy for certain medical conditions\u003cbr\u003e5.Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter)\u003cbr\u003e6.Catheters placed in the large veins of the upper arm and neck\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms\u003cbr\u003eSymptoms may start suddenly or gradually, and may worsen when the patient bends over or lies down.\u003cbr\u003e1.Swelling around the eye\u003cbr\u003e2.Swelling of the face\u003cbr\u003e3.Swelling of the whites of the eyes\u003cbr\u003eThe swelling tend most likely be worse in the early morning hours and fade away by mid-morning.\u003cbr\u003eThe most frequent symptoms are shortness of breath (dyspnea) and swelling of the face, neck, trunk, and arms.\u003cbr\u003eIn adults, bronchogenic carcinoma was the most frequent cause of SVC obstruction\u003cbr\u003eIn children, the most frequent causes are T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma\u003cbr\u003eOther probable symptoms are:\u003cbr\u003e1.Decreased alertness\u003cbr\u003e2.Dizziness, fainting\u003cbr\u003e3.Headache\u003cbr\u003e4.Reddish face or cheeks\u003cbr\u003eSigns:\u003cbr\u003e1.Dilated veins over the arms, neck and anterior chest wall.\u003cbr\u003e2.Edema of the upper body, extremities and face.\u003cbr\u003e3.Severe respiratory distress.\u003cbr\u003eDiagnosis\u003cbr\u003eThe doctor will do a physical examination, which may reveal enlarged veins of the face, neck, and upper chest.\u003cbr\u003eBlood pressure is often elevated in the arms and low in the legs.\u003cbr\u003eCXR, CT scan and MRI: may show a widened mediastinum or a mass on the right side of the chest\u003cbr\u003eBronchoscopy has a reported diagnostic result of \u0026gt;70%, whilst mediastinoscopy or mediastinotomy has a result of \u0026gt;90%.\u003cbr\u003eTreatment\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of treatment is to alleviate the obstruction.\u003cbr\u003eThe placement of a stent (tube placed inside a blood vessel) to open up the SVC\u003cbr\u003eMedical\u003cbr\u003e1.Elevation of the head, and oxygen\u003cbr\u003e2.Diuretics (water pills) or steroids (anti-inflammatory drugs)\u003cbr\u003e3.Radiation or chemotherapy or surgery to reduce the tumor\u003cbr\u003e4.Anticoagulation may be needed where venography has revealed central vein thrombosis, to prevent pulmonary embolism\u003cbr\u003eSurgical\u003cbr\u003eStenting and angioplasty (also known as endovascular surgery) are particularly useful in patients requiring long-term venous access\u003cbr\u003eReconstructive surgery is possible and may be helped by the use of autologous tissue\u003cbr\u003eThese treatments may be used for SVCS in children:\u003cbr\u003e1.Radiation therapy if a tumor is blocking the vein\u003cbr\u003e2.Corticosteroids to reduce swelling\u003cbr\u003e3.Chemotherapy for treatment of tumor\u003cbr\u003e4 Stent placement to improve blood flow\u003cbr\u003e5.Surgery so blood can flow around the blocked part of the vein\u003cbr\u003eStenting should be considered first-line treatment for SVCS of benign origin, with open surgical reconstruction still a good choice if endovascular repair fails or is unsuitable\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTABLE OF CONTENT\u003cbr\u003eIntroduction\u003cbr\u003eChapter 1 Superior Vena Cava Syndrome\u003cbr\u003eChapter 2 Causes\u003cbr\u003eChapter 3 Symptoms\u003cbr\u003eChapter 4 Diagnosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 5 Treatment\u003cbr\u003eChapter 6 Prognosis\u003cbr\u003eChapter 7 Mediastinal Tumors\u003cbr\u003eChapter 8 Lung Cancer\u003cbr\u003eEpilogue\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Kenneth Kee","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46540282822897,"sku":"2940155237440","price":2.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0674\/5433\/7265\/files\/2940155237440_p0.jpg?v=1765833413","url":"https:\/\/shop.barnesandnoble.com\/products\/2940155237440","provider":"Barnes \u0026 Noble","version":"1.0","type":"link"}